The Ethereum Foundation has unveiled an ambitious plan to integrate zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs across its entire architecture, with the initial phase involving the rollout of a native Layer 1 zkEVM by the end of 2025. This initiative aims to transform the way transactions are verified on the Ethereum network, transitioning from traditional block execution to zero-knowledge proofs. The primary objectives are to enhance the network’s speed, scalability, and decentralization.
The phased rollout begins with an optional validator model, where validators can choose to verify multiple execution proofs from trusted zkVM clients instead of executing payloads. This approach supports client diversity, a key defense strategy already employed by Ethereum. The initial requirement is a protocol change in the upcoming hard fork, introducing pipelining to provide provers with additional time. As more validators adopt ZK clients and their reliability is proven, Ethereum plans to fully transition to proof-based execution. Once a supermajority verifies proofs, the network can raise the gas limit and enable native zkRollups through the EXECUTE precompile.
To support this zkEVM rollout, the Foundation has defined strict technical criteria for real-time proving. Proofs must be verifiable in under 10 seconds and achieve at least 100-bit security at launch, eventually increasing to 128-bit security. Additionally, the proof size must not exceed 300KiB, and no trusted setup methods should be used. Home proving, similar to solo staking, is a key part of this initiative. The Ethereum Foundation aims to keep decentralization and censorship resistance strong by ensuring that proof-of-work is feasible with up to $100K of on-premises hardware operating at 10 kW or less. These conditions make it practical for individual participants to run provers from residential setups.
The integration of zkEVM technology is not just about speed; it also tightens Ethereum’s security. Currently, validators re-execute every transaction, a process that can be resource-intensive and prone to bugs or exploits. By switching to proof-based validation, the network can shrink its attack surface, as each block will carry several independent proofs. This multi-proof system ensures that even if one system fails, the rest can still catch bad data, enhancing the overall security of the network.
The upgrade also sets a higher security standard across the crypto industry. It may pressure Layer-1 rivals and Layer-2 solutions to level up, specialize, or pivot. Privacy coins and application-specific chains might also struggle as native Layer-1 privacy features improve, forcing projects to innovate faster. In short, zkEVM could transform what developers expect from blockchain safety.
The Ethereum Foundation’s plan to overhaul the way transactions are verified at the core of the network could be a massive win for non-custodial tools. This shift is expected to unlock lower fees and smoother interactions, benefiting users and developers alike. The upgrade sets the stage for a more efficient, secure, and scalable Ethereum network, positioning it as a leader in the crypto industry.
